Against the backdrop of China’s carbon peaking and neutrality goals, coal energy will see fundamental changes. As the world’s top coal producer and consumer, China has pledged to strictly control coal-fired power projects and the growth of coal consumption. Promoting a just transition in regions dependent on coal resources will present China with significant challenges. This program focuses on major coal-producing provinces, and evaluates the impact of coal industry changes on local economies, the financial system, and residents’ welfare. By analysing coal energy developments at home and abroad, we provide solutions for a just coal transition.